Publications

The papers this website is built on, grouped by what each one contributes, and how to cite the website itself. Every number in the default device document names one of these as its source; the Physics background page says where each enters.

• Architectures and cost tables
• Wiring and control
• Transport, heating and junctions
• Processors and electrode design
• Codes and the QCCD proposal
• Citing this website

Architectures and cost tables

The QCCD architecture studies whose cost tables, devices and results the leaderboard's tasks are measured against.

• Architecting Scalable Trapped Ion Quantum Computers using Surface Codes

  Scott Jones and Prakash Murali

  ASPLOS 2026 (2026)arXiv:2510.23519doi:10.1145/3779212.3790128

  used forthe qccdsim_jones cost table the leaderboard ranks by; the species and coherence time; rules R7c and R16.

• Cyclone: Designing Efficient and Highly Parallel QCCD Architectural Codesigns for Fault Tolerant Quantum Memory

  Sahil Khan, Abhinav Anand, Kenneth R. Brown and Jonathan M. Baker

  arXiv preprint (2025)arXiv:2511.15910

  used forrigid rotation of a ring of ions as one instruction, the cyclone cost table, and the ring-plus-docks family; rules R7 and R13.

• Architecting Noisy Intermediate-Scale Trapped Ion Quantum Computers

  Prakash Murali, Dripto M. Debroy, Kenneth R. Brown and Margaret Martonosi

  ISCA 2020 (2020)arXiv:2004.04706

  used forthe chain-length term of the two-qubit gate error (calibration G1); the baseline grid with static scheduling.

• Breakeven demonstration of quantum low-density parity-check codes

  Edwin Tham, Michael L. Goldman, Shantanu Debnath, Ashay N. Patel, Jyothi Saraladevi, Jason Nguyen, Erik Nielsen, Neal Pisenti, Kenneth Wright, John Gamble, Nicolas Delfos and et al.

  arXiv preprint (2026)arXiv:2606.06455

  used forthe stationary chain with in-place mid-circuit measurement; global Doppler cooling as the cool primitive (rule R7c).

• Scaling and assigning resources on ion trap QCCD architectures

  Anabel Ovide, Daniele Cuomo and Carmen G. Almudever

  arXiv preprint (2024)arXiv:2408.00225

  used forresource assignment on QCCD grids, one of the studies the evaluation is compared against.

Wiring and control

Why the control plane is broadcast, and what a compiler for a broadcast-wired machine has to respect.

• How to wire a 1000-qubit trapped ion quantum computer

  M. Malinowski, D. T. C. Allcock and C. J. Ballance

  PRX Quantum 4, 040313 (2023)arXiv:2305.12773doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.040313

  used forWISE broadcast wiring: about a hundred DACs regardless of size, one movement class per cycle (rule R4).

• TrapSIMD: SIMD-Aware Compiler Optimization for 2D Trapped-Ion Quantum Machines

  Jixuan Ruan, Hezi Zhang, Xiang Fang, Ang Li, Wesley C. Campbell, Eric Hudson, David Hayes, Hartmut Haeffner, Travis Humble, Jens Palsberg and Yufei Ding

  arXiv preprint (2025)arXiv:2504.17886

  used forthe SIMD movement classes of the control plane, and the per-gate-zone thermal duty cycle (rule R7b).

Transport, heating and junctions

What moving an ion costs in time and quanta, and what happens at a junction.

• Shuttling-Based Trapped-Ion Quantum Information Processing

  V. Kaushal, B. Lekitsch, A. Stahl, J. Hilder, D. Pijn, C. Schmiegelow, A. Bermudez, M. Müller, F. Schmidt-Kaler and U. Poschinger

  AVS Quantum Science 2, 014101 (2020)arXiv:1912.04712

  used forthe vocabulary of transport primitives: linear transport, separation and merging, swap by crystal rotation.

• A framework for the benchmarking of transport-induced excitations in shuttling-based ion-trap quantum processors

  Rodrigo Munoz, Phil Nuschke, Teresa Meiners, Brigitte Kaune and Christian Ospelkaus

  arXiv preprint (2026)arXiv:2605.25118

  used forthe transport_excitation curves and their fast and slow operating points; the anomalous heating rate; rules R15 and R17.

• Closed-loop optimization of fast trapped-ion shuttling with sub-quanta excitation

  Jonathan D. Sterk, Henry Coakley, Joshua Goldberg, Vincent Hietala, Jason Lechtenberg, Hayden McGuinness, Daniel McMurtrey, L. Paul Parazzoli, Jay Van Der Wall and Daniel Stick

  npj Quantum Information 8, 68 (2022)arXiv:2201.07358doi:10.1038/s41534-022-00579-3

  used forsub-quanta transport is achievable with shaped waveforms; the channel count of a real controller.

• Reliable transport through a microfabricated X-junction surface-electrode ion trap

  Kenneth Wright, Jason M. Amini, Daniel L. Faircloth, Curtis Volin, S. Charles Doret, Harley Hayden, C.-S. Pai, David W. Landgren, Douglas Denison, Tyler Killian, Richart E. Slusher and Alexa W. Harter

  New Journal of Physics 15, 033004 (2013)arXiv:1210.3655doi:10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033004

  used forthe measured junction crossing and the roughly 85 uncooled round trips before an ion is lost; rule R18.

• On the Transport of Atomic Ions in Linear and Multidimensional Ion Trap Arrays

  D. Hucul, M. Yeo, W. K. Hensinger, J. Rabchuk, S. Olmschenk and C. Monroe

  Quantum Information and Computation 8, 501 (2008)arXiv:quant-ph/0702175

  used forthe RF barriers on the approaches to a junction, and why a bend is not a junction (rule R18).

• Ion-trap measurements of electric-field noise near surfaces

  M. Brownnutt, M. Kumph, P. Rabl and R. Blatt

  Reviews of Modern Physics 87, 1419 (2015)arXiv:1409.6572doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.87.1419

  used foranomalous heating: the heating-rate formula and the survey of measured rates.

• Distance scaling of electric-field noise in a surface-electrode ion trap

  J. A. Sedlacek, A. Greene, J. Stuart, R. McConnell, C. D. Bruzewicz, J. M. Sage and J. Chiaverini

  Physical Review A 97, 020302 (2018)arXiv:1712.00188doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.97.020302

  used forthe inverse-fourth-power distance scaling of field noise, and the cryogenic reduction.

Processors and electrode design

The measured processor the gate numbers come from, and the electrode model the fab view is checked against.

• A Race Track Trapped-Ion Quantum Processor

  S. A. Moses, C. H. Baldwin, M. S. Allman, R. Ancona, L. Ascarrunz, C. Barnes, J. Bartolotta, B. Bjork, P. Blanchard, M. Bohn, J. G. Bohnet, N. C. Brown and et al.

  Physical Review X 13, 041052 (2023)arXiv:2305.03828doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.13.041052

  used forthe two-qubit, single-qubit and measurement fidelities and times of the default document; the racetrack and its conveyor-belt rotation.

• Optimization and implementation of a surface-electrode ion trap junction

  Chi Zhang, Karan K. Mehta and Jonathan P. Home

  New Journal of Physics 24, 073030 (2022)arXiv:2201.12579doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac7db6

  used forthe gapless electrode model and its tolerances; the junction the field solver reproduces to within 3%.

• Electrostatics of surface-electrode ion traps

  Janus H. Wesenberg

  Physical Review A 78, 063410 (2008)arXiv:0808.1623doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.78.063410

  used forthe solid-angle potential of a planar electrode, and the conditions under which the model holds.

• Analytic model for electrostatic fields in surface-electrode ion traps

  M. G. House

  Physical Review A 78, 033402 (2008)doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.78.033402

  used forthe companion analytic treatment of the planar electrode potential.

• Phoenix and Peregrine Ion Traps

  Melissa C. Revelle

  arXiv preprint (2020)arXiv:2009.02398

  used forpublished ion heights of shipped traps, against which the solved heights are compared.

Codes and the QCCD proposal

The code the tasks run a round of, and the paper that proposed the architecture.

• High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory

  Sergey Bravyi, Andrew W. Cross, Jay M. Gambetta, Dmitri Maslov, Patrick Rall and Theodore J. Yoder

  Nature 627, 778 (2024)arXiv:2308.07915doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07107-7

  used forthe [[144,12,12]] gross code, its seven-stage syndrome cycle and its threshold of about 0.7%.

• Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer

  D. Kielpinski, C. Monroe and D. J. Wineland

  Nature 417, 709 (2002)doi:10.1038/nature00784

  used forthe QCCD proposal: many small traps, ions shuttled between them, sympathetic cooling by a second species.

Citing this website

No paper about the tool has been published yet. Until there is one, cite the software and the website.

@software{qccd,
  author = {Ye, Zhuoyang},
  title  = {QCCD: a fault-tolerant algorithm and trapped-ion architecture codesign tool},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://github.com/yezhuoyang/QCCD},
  note   = {https://qccd.academy/}
}